Set 6 | Important Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change MCQs

Correct Answer is A.

• The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), outlined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, enables countries with emission reduction or limitation commitments under the Protocol (Annex B Parties) to undertake emission reduction projects in developing nations.
• These projects generate saleable Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits, each representing one ton of CO2, which can be applied toward meeting Kyoto Protocol targets.

The CDM aims to fulfill two primary objectives:

1. To assist non-Annex I parties (developing countries) in achieving sustainable development and contributing to the ultimate goal of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): preventing dangerous climate change.
2. To help Annex I parties (industrialized countries listed in Annex I of the treaty) comply with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments (greenhouse gas emission caps).

Thus, CDM projects serve as a bridge between Annex I (industrialized) and non-Annex I (developing) countries, fostering collaboration toward global emission reduction goals.

Correct Answer is C.

• The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is defined in Article-12 of Kyoto Protocol of UNFCCC. It allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex-B Party) to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries.
• Such projects earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO₂ which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets.
• The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) was established in August 2015 to meet the cost of adaptation to climate change for the States and Union Territories of India that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
• There is no relation between adverse effect of climate change and not attending the 19th meeting of BASIC at Sun City, South Africa.

Correct Answer is D.

• Carbon Trading is related to the Kyoto protocol. Thus option (d) is not correctly matched.

Correct Answer is D.

• Tree Cities of the World Programme is an international effort to recognize cities and towns committed to ensuring that their urban forests and trees are properly maintained, sustainably managed, and duly celebrated.
• The Arbor Day Foundation is a nonprofit conservation and education organization founded in 1972 in Nebraska, United States, by John Rosenow. It is the largest nonprofit membership organization dedicated to tree planting.
• Hyderabad stands alongside 119 cities from 63 countries as the only city in India to earn the prestigious recognition as a Tree City of the World. This honor is bestowed by the Arbor Day Foundation and the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.

Correct Answer is C.

• Annex-I countries participated in the 1st Kyoto protocol. 37 Annex-I countries and the EU agreed to second-round Kyoto targets. Certified Emission Reductions (CER) are a type of emissions unit (or carbon credits) issued by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Executive Board for emission reductions achieved by CDM projects and verified by a DOE (Designated Operational Entity) under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol.
• Cartagena Protocol is a supplementary protocol of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It is committed to preserving bio-diversity from Live Modified Organisms-LMO caused by the adoption of biotechnology. Cartagena protocol was adopted on 29 January, 2000.
• It came into effect on 11 September, 2003. Nagoya Protocol came into effect on 12 October, 2014. It is also a supplementary protocol of CBD. It is concerned with access to genetic resources and fair distribution of benefits from them.

Correct Answer is D.

• Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon in plants, geologic structures and sea.
• In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, abandoned and uneconomical coal seams, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and subterranean deep saline formations could be the potential sites for carbon sequestration.

Correct Answer is A.

• In rural road construction, the use of copper slag, cold mix asphalt technology and Geotextiles are preferred for ensuring environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint.

Correct Answer is A.

• The carbon fertilization effect suggests that the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases the rate of photosynthesis in plants.
• The effect varies depending on the plant species, the temperature and the availability of water and nutrients. From a quarter to half of Earth’s vegetated lands has shown significant greening over the last 35 years largely due to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Correct Answer is D.

• The Kyoto Protocol established caps on the maximum quantity of greenhouse gas emissions. These countries set internal quotas on emissions from installations countries run by local business and other organizations, generically termed ‘operators’.
• Countries oversee this responsibility through their own national ‘registries’ which are required to be validated and monitored for compliance by the UNFCCC. Each operator is allocated an allowance of credits.
• Each unit gives the owner the right to emit one metric ton of CO₂. Operators that have not met their quotas can sell their unused allowances as carbon credits, while businesses that are about to exceed their quotas can buy the extra allowances as credits, privately or on the open market.
• Businesses alter their decision-making to find the most cost- effective way of operating under these regulations, either by investing in cleaner business practices or by purchasing credits from another operator with excess capacity.

Correct Answer is B.

• The concept of carbon credits originated from the Kyoto Protocol, adopted on December 11, 1997, and in force since February 16, 2005. A carbon credit permits the holder to emit one ton of CO2 or equivalent greenhouse gases.
• With 192 parties, the Protocol operationalizes the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change by requiring industrialized nations to limit and reduce emissions through agreed targets, going beyond the Convention’s call for periodic reporting and mitigation policies.