Set 3 | Important Indian Philosophical Movements objectives

Correct Answer is A.

• Sacred literature of the Jainas called Agamas, written in the Ardha-Magadhi form of Prakrit.
• Agama is a Sanskrit word.
• There are 12 Angas, 12 Upangas, 10 Prakirnakas, 6 Chheddasutras, 4 Mulasutras, 2 Chulika Sutra.
• Angas are the foundation of the Jaina literature and Upangas are the explanations to Angas.

Correct Answer is C.

• Kathakosa is a rich mine of stories. It contains the Jaina version of the Nala-Damayanti episode of the Mahabharata.
• Jainas also possess poetic literature called Prabandhas and Charitras.

Correct Answer is A.

• Mahavira’s one of notable contemporary is Gautam Buddha(563-483 BCE).
• Gautama Buddha is also known as Siddhartha was the founder of Buddhism, was born in Lumbini near kapilvastu.
• His father was Suddodhana,, elected ruler of Kapilvastu and head of clan ‘Shakyas’. His mother was Maya, princess of Devadaha, as his mother died, he was brought up by Prajapati Gautami.
• At the age of 16, he married Yasodhara and had a son ‘Rahula’.
• At the birth of his son, he left home at the age of 29 in search of truth. This departure is known as the Great Renunciation(Mahabhinshkramana).

Correct Answer is C.

• Departure of Gautama Buddha is known as ‘The Great Renunciation’ (Mahabhinshkramana).
• He departed after the birth of his son at the age of 29 years. He wandered in many places for 7 years and met several teachers like Alara kalama at Vaishali and Uddaka/Ramaputta at Rajagriha.
• He then took bath in the river Niranjana and sat under a pipal tree at the Bodh Gaya. At the age of 35, he attained the supreme knowledge and known as Buddha or the enlightened one(Tathagata).
• He was also known as Sakya-Muni or Sage of the Sakya Clan.
• He delivered his first sermon at Isipatana, deer park at Sarnath. It was called ‘Dharma Chakra Pravartana’ or ’tuning of the wheel of law’.
• He died at Kusinagara in the capital of Mallas at the age of 80 in 483 BCE.

Correct Answer is B.

• There are four Noble truths by Buddha taught to his followers.
• Duhkha: There is suffering.
• Duhkha Samudaya: There is cause of sufferings.
• Duhkha Nirodha: There is a cessation of suffering.
• Duhkha Nirodha Gamini Pratipat: There is a way to this cessation of sufferings.
• This can be done by following Eight fold path.

Correct Answer is D.

• Ashtangika Marga is a Eight fold path or the middle path which avoids the extremes of life.
• According to Buddha’s teachings, anyone who follows this middle path, would attain salvation irrespective of his position.
• Eight fold path to relieve one’s sufferings:
• Right View, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration.

Correct Answer is D.

• Buddha neither accepts or rejects the existence of God.
• He laid great emphasis on ‘law of karma’.

Correct Answer is B.

• Buddha had two kinds of disciples: monks, known as bhikshus or shramanas and lay worshippers, known as upasikas.
• Monks were organized into the Sangha for the purpose of spreading his teachings.
• The Sangha worked on democratic idea. Initially, women were not allowed but with the requests of his chief disciple Ananda and his foster mother Gautami, he admitted women in Sangha.
• Membership of Sangha was open to all persons but people that were associated with leprosy, consumption and other infectious diseases were not allowed.
• In the assembly meetings, there were the systems of formal moving of resolution and ballot voting by means of wooden sticks(salaka).

Correct Answer is A.

• Famous Mauryan Emperor Ashoka(304-232 BCE)  embraced Buddhism. After the Kalinga war, he advanced toward Buddhism.
• He put his effort in spreading Buddhism into West Asia and Ceylon.
• Greek King Menander, Kanishka of Kushana, Harsha also embraced Buddhism.

Correct Answer is B.

• There were four Buddhist councils.
• Patron of 1^st council was Ajatashatru.
• Patron of 2^nd Council was Kalashoka.
• Patron of 3^rd Council was Ashoka.
• Patron of 4^th Council was Kanishka.