Set 1 | Important Indian Philosophical Movements objectives

Correct Answer is D.

• Heterodox Systems: Jainism, Buddhism, Charvakas. These system did not believe in the authority of vedas.
• Orthodox Systems: Nyaya, Vaiseshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta. These systems uphold the authority and supremacy of the vedas.

Correct Answer is B.

• Kapila founded the Samkhya Orthodox Philosophical System.
• Samkhya accepts Perception, Inference and Verbal testimony as the source of the valid Knowledge.
• Samkhya’s theory of causation is called Satkaryavada means the effect is present in its cause.
• It is an atheistic philosophy and dualistic philosophy which believes  in the existence of two types of entities, i.e. Prakrti and Purusa. Both are eternal and independent of each other.
• Prakrti is material and active in nature while Purusa is conscious and inactive.
• According to Samkhya, creation comes into being due to the conjunction of Prakriti and Purusa.

Correct Answer is D.

• Prakriti is one of two entity of Samkhya philosophical System, other one is Purusa.
• Prakriti is: Material, One, Active, Three Gunas (sattva, rajas and tamas) and Enjoyed.
• Purusa is: Conscious, Many, Passive, Beyond three Gunas and Enjoyer.
• Prakriti is referred with nature or matter and Purusa is referred with the soul or person.

Correct Answer is A.

• Patanjali defined his philosophy of Yoga in his great work: Yoga-Sutra.
• Yoga is largely based on the Samkhya philosophy. Samkhya is a theory while Yoga is a practice to achieve it.
• Yoga has a theistic tradition and believes in God.
• Yoga provides a path to release Purusa from Prakriti by means of physical and mental discipline.

Correct Answer is C.

• Gautama also known as Akspada is associated with Nyaya System. Nyaya is considered as a technique of logical thinking.
• Nyaya is allied to the Vaiseshika System. It holds that there are four valid means of knowledge i.e. perception, inference, comparison and verbal testimony.
• Nyaya’s theory of causation is called Asatkaryavada that believes that the effect does not pre-exist in its cause and effect is a new creation.
• Nyaya recognizes God as the creator, maintainer and destroyer of the world.
• One can attain liberation through tattva-jnana(true knowledge) of self and all other objects of experience.

Correct Answer is A.

• Vaiseshika system is associated with atomistic theory of creation(world originates and decays due to association or dissociation of the four atoms i.e. earth, air, water and fire) and with pluralistic realism(explains the nature of world through seven categories).
• Kanada is the founder of this system. It accepts only perception and inference as the source of valid knowledge.
• Vaisheshika also believes in Asatkaryavada.

Correct Answer is C.

• Jamini wrote Mimansa-Sutra around the end of the 2^nd century. Mimansa is also known as Purva-Mimansa as it is based on earlier portion of Vedas.
• Also known as karma Mimansa because it deals with the karmic actions of rituals and sacrifices.
• Mimansakas accept the Vedas as the eternal source of ‘revealed truth’
• It is an astheistic philosophy and a pluralistic realist philosophy.
• Soul is accepted as an eternal and infinite substance. Soul is accepted as distinct from body, mind and senses.

Correct Answer is B.

• Vedanta means end of the vedas. Vedanta usually refers to the Upanishads.
• Scholar Badarayana made the efforts to simplify the Upanishadic philosophy and produced his work on Vedanta which is known as Brahma-Sutra or Vedanta-Sutra, also known as Uttar-Mimansa-Sutra.

Correct Answer is C.

• Shankaracharya founded school of Advaita Vedanta(Non-dualism).
• According to this Vedanta, Brahman is the only reality that is the world is ultimately false and the individual soul is non-different from Brahman.
• It has the nature of sat(existence), chit(consciousness) and ananda(bliss).
• Advaita accepts God from practical point of view, not from the transcendental point of view as Brahman is the only ultimate reality according to advaita of Shankara.

Correct Answer is  B.

• Ramanujacharya founded Vishishtadvaita that means advaita with uniqueness or qualifications.
• According to this, Bhakti is the sole means of liberation.
• Brahman also contains chit(soul) and achit(matter) as its integral parts. Both soul and matter are totally dependent on God for their existence, as the body is dependent on the soul.